间接引语
B1 Reported speech 38 / 50
概要
间接引语（转述）不用引号，直接说出某人说过的话。在像 said 或 told 这样的过去式转述动词后面，通常要把时态往前推一步（这叫时态后移），并调整人称代词和时间／地点状语。
规则
直接引语在引号内一字不差地重复原话：“I am tired.” 间接引语把这些话放进一个 that 从句里（that 这个词可以省略）：She said (that) she was tired.
当转述动词是过去式（said、told、asked）时，要把时态往前推一步。
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 |
|---|---|
| 一般现在时（work） | 一般过去时（worked） |
| 现在进行时（am working） | 过去进行时（was working） |
| 一般过去时（worked） | 过去完成时（had worked） |
| 现在完成时（have worked） | 过去完成时（had worked） |
| will | would |
| can | could |
| may | might |
| must（义务） | had to |
我们还要根据新的说话人调整人称代词，并且转换时间／地点状语：
| 直接引语 | 间接引语 |
|---|---|
| now | then |
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day / the following day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| ago | before |
| here | there |
| this | that |
say 与 tell： tell 后面需要接人称宾语（He told me…）。say 不能直接接人称宾语（He said…，或者 He said to me…）。所以：He told me he was busy. / He said he was busy.（而不是 He said me）。
转述疑问句用陈述句语序：不倒装，也不用 do/does/did。一般疑问句用 if 或 whether；wh- 特殊疑问句保留 wh- 疑问词。
- “Are you ready?” -> She asked if I was ready.
- “Where do you live?” -> He asked where I lived.（而不是 where did I live）
转述命令和请求用 tell/ask + 宾语 + to 不定式。否定式用 not to。
- “Wait here.” -> She told me to wait.
- “Please don’t go.” -> He asked me not to go.
当转述动词是现在式（She says she is tired）时，或者原话现在仍然成立（He said the Earth is round）时，不需要时态后移。转述动词是现在式时，时态直接保持不变；如果原话仍然成立，可以保留现在时，也可以后移（He said the Earth was round 也是对的）。
形式与结构
| 类型 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 陈述句 | said / told + （宾语）+ （that）+ 从句 | He told me (that) he had finished. |
| 一般疑问句 | asked + （宾语）+ if/whether + 陈述句语序 | She asked if I was coming. |
| Wh- 特殊疑问句 | asked + （宾语）+ wh- + 陈述句语序 | He asked what I wanted. |
| 命令 | told + 宾语 + to + 动词原形 | She told us to sit down. |
| 请求 | asked + 宾语 + to + 动词原形 | He asked me to help. |
| 否定命令／请求 | told/asked + 宾语 + not to + 动词原形 | She asked them not to wait. |
例句
| English | 说明 |
|---|---|
| She said she was very busy. | 现在式 am/is -> said 后变成过去式 was。 |
| He told me he had lost his keys. | 过去式 lost -> 过去完成时 had lost。 |
| They said they would call later. | will -> would. |
| I told her I couldn’t come to the party. | can’t -> couldn’t. |
| She asked if I had any questions. | 一般疑问句 -> if + 陈述句语序。 |
| He asked where the station was. | wh- 特殊疑问句，不用 did，不倒装。 |
| The teacher told us to open our books. | 命令 -> tell + 宾语 + to 不定式。 |
| My mum says she is proud of me. | 现在式转述动词 -> 不需要时态后移。 |
常见错误
- He said me he was late. -> He told me he was late. / He said he was late.——say 不接人称宾语；tell 要接。
- She asked where did I go. -> She asked where I went.——转述疑问句用陈述句语序，不用 did。
- He asked me am I ready. -> He asked me if I was ready.——一般疑问句要用 if/whether，并做时态后移。
- She told me wait. -> She told me to wait.——命令需要 to 不定式。
- He said yesterday that he is tired. -> He said yesterday that he was tired.——过去式动词 said 后面，is -> was。
学习提示
- 只要记住这一点，转述疑问句和命令就会简单很多：疑问句变成陈述句（不用 do，不倒装），命令变成 to 不定式。
- 快速判断 say/tell：如果动词后面紧跟着一个人，用 tell；如果没有，用 say。
- Could、would、might 和 should 不再进一步后移——它们本身已经是“过去”的形式了。
- 如果原话是普遍真理，或者现在仍然成立，可以保留现在时：She said water boils at 100°C.