定语从句(限定性与非限定性)

B1 Relative clauses (defining & non-defining) 39 / 50

概要

定语从句用 who、which、that、whose、where、when 这样的词,为名词补充信息。限定性定语从句提供必不可少的信息,不用逗号;非限定性定语从句补充额外的信息,前后要用逗号隔开。

规则

定语从句紧跟在它所修饰的名词后面,告诉你“是哪一个”,或者补充关于它的更多信息。

限定性定语从句用来确定名词指的是谁/哪个。没有它,句子的意思就不清楚,或者会变成另一个意思。这种从句不用逗号。

  • The woman who lives next door is a doctor.(哪个女人?就是这一个)

非限定性定语从句补充额外的信息,去掉它句子依然完整、意思不变。这种从句要用逗号隔开(如果从句在句末,只需要一个逗号)。

  • My neighbour, who is a doctor, lives next door.(我们已经知道是哪个邻居)

根据名词本身是什么来选择关系代词:

指代关系代词
人who、that(只用于限定性)、whose
物/动物which、that(只用于限定性)、whose
所属关系whose
地点where
时间when
原因why(用在 the reason 后面)

在限定性定语从句中,如果关系代词是从句的宾语,可以省略:the film (that) I saw。如果它是主语,就不能省略:the man who called(不能说 the man called)。

在非限定性定语从句中要用 who 或 which,绝不能用 that,也绝不能省略关系代词。

Which 还可以指代前面整个分句:He was late, which annoyed me.

遇到介词时,正式的结构是介词 + whom/which(the person to whom I spoke);在日常英语里,介词放到句末(the person I spoke to)。

形式与结构

类型是否用逗号?关系代词能否省略关系代词?可以用 that 吗?
限定性否who, which, that, whose, where, when可以,如果是宾语是
非限定性是who, which, whose, where, when否否

主语与宾语(限定性从句):

关系代词的作用例句能否省略?
主语the man who called否
宾语the film (that) I saw是

例句

English说明
The student who asked the question got top marks.限定性,主语关系代词——不能省略。
The cake (that) she baked was delicious.限定性,宾语关系代词——可以省略。
That’s the girl whose brother plays in the band.whose 表示所属关系。
This is the café where we first met.where 用于地点。
Do you remember the day when we moved house?when 用于时间。
My uncle, who lives in Canada, is visiting us.非限定性——补充信息,用逗号,不用 that。
The bridge, which was built in 1900, is closed.非限定性,指物——用 which,不用 that。
She passed the exam, which made everyone proud.which 指代前面整个分句。
He is the colleague to whom I sent the report.正式结构:介词 + whom。

常见错误

  • My sister, that is a nurse, works nights. -> My sister, who is a nurse, works nights.——非限定性定语从句绝不能用 that。
  • The man who he called me was angry. -> The man who called me was angry.——不要多加一个主语代词;who 本身就已经是主语了。
  • This is the book what I read. -> This is the book (that) I read.——定语从句要用 that/which,绝不能用 what。
  • The town, where I was born, is small(指某个特定的小镇)-> The town where I was born is small.——如果从句是用来确定是哪个小镇,就不能加逗号。
  • Berlin which is in Germany is huge. -> Berlin, which is in Germany, is huge.——独一无二的名词需要非限定性从句的逗号。

学习提示

  • 逗号判断法:如果去掉从句仍然知道你说的是谁/什么,就用逗号(非限定性)。如果去掉后意思就丢失了,就不用逗号(限定性)。
  • 只有当关系代词后面紧跟着别的成分(一个新的主语)时,才能省略它:the film I saw = 省略了宾语关系代词;who called 永远不能省略。
  • that 只能用于限定性从句。一旦加上逗号,就要换成 who 或 which。
  • 对于带介词的从句,介词放句末的结构(the person I spoke to)在口语中很常见;to whom 留给正式写作。