定语从句(限定性与非限定性)
B1 Relative clauses (defining & non-defining) 39 / 50
概要
定语从句用 who、which、that、whose、where、when 这样的词,为名词补充信息。限定性定语从句提供必不可少的信息,不用逗号;非限定性定语从句补充额外的信息,前后要用逗号隔开。
规则
定语从句紧跟在它所修饰的名词后面,告诉你“是哪一个”,或者补充关于它的更多信息。
限定性定语从句用来确定名词指的是谁/哪个。没有它,句子的意思就不清楚,或者会变成另一个意思。这种从句不用逗号。
- The woman who lives next door is a doctor.(哪个女人?就是这一个)
非限定性定语从句补充额外的信息,去掉它句子依然完整、意思不变。这种从句要用逗号隔开(如果从句在句末,只需要一个逗号)。
- My neighbour, who is a doctor, lives next door.(我们已经知道是哪个邻居)
根据名词本身是什么来选择关系代词:
| 指代 | 关系代词 |
|---|---|
| 人 | who、that(只用于限定性)、whose |
| 物/动物 | which、that(只用于限定性)、whose |
| 所属关系 | whose |
| 地点 | where |
| 时间 | when |
| 原因 | why(用在 the reason 后面) |
在限定性定语从句中,如果关系代词是从句的宾语,可以省略:the film (that) I saw。如果它是主语,就不能省略:the man who called(不能说 the man called)。
在非限定性定语从句中要用 who 或 which,绝不能用 that,也绝不能省略关系代词。
Which 还可以指代前面整个分句:He was late, which annoyed me.
遇到介词时,正式的结构是介词 + whom/which(the person to whom I spoke);在日常英语里,介词放到句末(the person I spoke to)。
形式与结构
| 类型 | 是否用逗号? | 关系代词 | 能否省略关系代词? | 可以用 that 吗? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 限定性 | 否 | who, which, that, whose, where, when | 可以,如果是宾语 | 是 |
| 非限定性 | 是 | who, which, whose, where, when | 否 | 否 |
主语与宾语(限定性从句):
| 关系代词的作用 | 例句 | 能否省略? |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 | the man who called | 否 |
| 宾语 | the film (that) I saw | 是 |
例句
| English | 说明 |
|---|---|
| The student who asked the question got top marks. | 限定性,主语关系代词——不能省略。 |
| The cake (that) she baked was delicious. | 限定性,宾语关系代词——可以省略。 |
| That’s the girl whose brother plays in the band. | whose 表示所属关系。 |
| This is the café where we first met. | where 用于地点。 |
| Do you remember the day when we moved house? | when 用于时间。 |
| My uncle, who lives in Canada, is visiting us. | 非限定性——补充信息,用逗号,不用 that。 |
| The bridge, which was built in 1900, is closed. | 非限定性,指物——用 which,不用 that。 |
| She passed the exam, which made everyone proud. | which 指代前面整个分句。 |
| He is the colleague to whom I sent the report. | 正式结构:介词 + whom。 |
常见错误
- My sister, that is a nurse, works nights. -> My sister, who is a nurse, works nights.——非限定性定语从句绝不能用 that。
- The man who he called me was angry. -> The man who called me was angry.——不要多加一个主语代词;who 本身就已经是主语了。
- This is the book what I read. -> This is the book (that) I read.——定语从句要用 that/which,绝不能用 what。
- The town, where I was born, is small(指某个特定的小镇)-> The town where I was born is small.——如果从句是用来确定是哪个小镇,就不能加逗号。
- Berlin which is in Germany is huge. -> Berlin, which is in Germany, is huge.——独一无二的名词需要非限定性从句的逗号。
学习提示
- 逗号判断法:如果去掉从句仍然知道你说的是谁/什么,就用逗号(非限定性)。如果去掉后意思就丢失了,就不用逗号(限定性)。
- 只有当关系代词后面紧跟着别的成分(一个新的主语)时,才能省略它:the film I saw = 省略了宾语关系代词;who called 永远不能省略。
- that 只能用于限定性从句。一旦加上逗号,就要换成 who 或 which。
- 对于带介词的从句,介词放句末的结构(the person I spoke to)在口语中很常见;to whom 留给正式写作。