被动语态
B1 Passive voice 37 / 50
概要
当你更关心动作本身和承受动作的人或物、而不是动作的执行者时，用被动语态：be（用正确的时态）+ 过去分词（The bridge was built in 1905）。只有在执行者这条信息重要时，才用 by 把它加上（……by a famous engineer）。
规则
在主动句中，主语是动作的执行者。在被动句中，主语承受动作：
- 主动句：Workers repair the road.（关注点在工人身上）
- 被动句：The road is repaired.（关注点在道路上）
在下列情况下选择被动语态，当执行者（“施动者”）是：
| 原因 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 未知的 | My bike was stolen last night.（不知道是谁） |
| 显而易见的 | He was arrested.（显然是警察做的） |
| 不重要的 | The shop is cleaned every evening. |
| 你想把重点放在承受者身上 | Penicillin was discovered in 1928. |
这就是为什么被动语态常见于新闻、科学、说明书和正式文体中。
把主动句变成被动句：
- 主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语。
- 谓语动词变成 be + 过去分词（保持原来的时态）。
- 原来的主语变成一个 by 短语——通常可以省略。
Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. -> Hamlet was written (by Shakespeare).
只有及物动词（能带宾语的动词）才有被动形式。像 arrive, happen, sleep, exist 这样的动词没有宾语，所以没有被动形式。（不能说 An accident was happened。）
形式与结构
过去分词保持不变；只有 be 会随时态或情态动词变化：
| 时态／形式 | 主动 | 被动（be + 过去分词） |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | makes | is / are made |
| 一般过去时 | made | was / were made |
| 现在进行时 | is making | is / are being made |
| 过去进行时 | was making | was / were being made |
| 现在完成时 | has made | has / have been made |
| 过去完成时 | had made | had been made |
| 将来时（will） | will make | will be made |
| 将来时（going to） | is going to make | is going to be made |
| 情态动词 | can make | can / must / should be made |
get 被动式（非正式）：在日常口语中，get 常常替代 be，通常用于说某人身上发生的事，往往是突然或不走运的事：
- He got fired last week. (= was fired)
- She got promoted. / They got married in June.
双宾语：像 give, send, offer, tell, show, pay 这样的动词带有两个宾语，所以两个都可以变成被动句的主语：
- 主动句：They gave me a prize.
- 被动句 1：I was given a prize.（更常见——关注点在人身上）
- 被动句 2：A prize was given to me.
例句
| English | 说明 |
|---|---|
| This bridge was built more than a hundred years ago. | 一般过去时的被动式；执行者未知／不重要。 |
| English is spoken in many countries. | 一般现在时；一般事实，施动者不重要（泛指人）。 |
| Sorry, your car is being repaired right now. | 现在进行时；动作正在进行。 |
| The house has finally been sold. | 现在完成时；重要的是结果，不是买家。 |
| Your order will be delivered on Monday. | 用 will 表示的将来时；关注点在订单上。 |
| These phones are made in three different factories. | 过程／描述；制造者不是重点。 |
| Tom got promoted after only one year. | get 被动式；非正式，发生在他身上的事。 |
| The winners were given a free trip. | 双宾语动词；人变成主语。 |
常见错误
- The window was break. -> The window was broken.——要用过去分词，不用原形。
- It is write in English. -> It is written in English.——注意不规则分词（write -> written）。
- An accident was happened. -> An accident happened.——happen 是不及物动词，所以没有被动形式。
- The work is done from the team. -> The work is done by the team.——施动者前面用 by，不用 from。
- This song was sang by her. -> This song was sung by her.——sing -> sang -> sung；被动式需要用分词。
学习提示
- 永远是两部分：be（或 get）的某种形式 + 过去分词。少了一部分，就不是被动句。
- 问自己：“我知道或在乎是谁做的吗？”如果不在乎，被动语态往往是更自然的选择。
- 把时态保留在 be 这一部分：is cleaned（现在），was cleaned（过去），will be cleaned（将来）。
- 除非执行者是新的或重要的信息，否则要省略 by：说 My phone was stolen，而不是 ……by someone。