反身代词与不定代词
A2 Reflexive & indefinite pronouns 30 / 50
概要
反身代词（myself、yourself、……）在主语和宾语是同一个人时，指回主语：I cut myself。不定代词（someone、anything、nobody、everywhere）用来指人、物或地点，但不说明具体是谁／什么／哪里。
规则
反身代词。 当做动作的人和承受动作的人是同一个人时，用反身代词：She taught herself Spanish（她既是老师，又是学生）。反身代词还可以用来加强语气（I painted the house myself = 没有人帮我），在 by 后面则表示“独自／没有帮助”：He lives by himself。当动词或形容词后面固定接介词时，反身代词直接跟在介词后面，仍然表示单纯的“同一个人”：She only thinks about herself，Be kind to yourself。
| 主语 | 反身代词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I | myself | I hurt myself. |
| you（单数） | yourself | Help yourself. |
| he | himself | He blames himself. |
| she | herself | She enjoyed herself. |
| it | itself | The cat washed itself. |
| we | ourselves | We introduced ourselves. |
| you（复数） | yourselves | Help yourselves, everyone. |
| they | themselves | They built it themselves. |
英语里不是反身动词的动词。 很多语言会给这些动词加上“-self”，但英语不会。直接用动词本身就行：wash、shave、dress、feel、relax、concentrate、meet。要说 I feel tired（而不是 I feel myself tired），She got dressed（而不是 dressed herself），We meet on Mondays（而不是 meet ourselves）。
each other / one another（相互代词）。 它们和“-selves”这类词不是一回事。They love each other 的意思是 A 爱 B、B 也爱 A（相互的）。They love themselves 的意思是每个人只爱自己。两个人之间用 each other；one another 是同样意思稍微正式一点的说法。
不定代词。 由 some- / any- / no- / every- 加上 -one / -body / -thing / -where 构成。some / any 的选择规则和第 22 课一样：肯定句、提议和请求用 some-；否定句和疑问句用 any-。这些词后面用单数动词（Everybody is here），但当不知道具体是谁时，用 they / their / them 来回指（Someone left their bag），需要反身代词时用 themselves（No one should have to do it by themselves）。
形式与结构
| 人 | 人 | 事物 | 地点 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| some- | someone | somebody | something | somewhere |
| any- | anyone | anybody | anything | anywhere |
| no- | no one | nobody | nothing | nowhere |
| every- | everyone | everybody | everything | everywhere |
| 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| 主语 = 宾语 -> 反身代词 | I taught myself to code. |
| 强调 -> 反身代词 | The manager herself apologised. |
| 介词 + 反身代词 | She travelled by herself（= 独自）。／She is proud of herself. |
| 相互 -> each other / one another | We help each other. |
| 不定代词 + 单数动词 | Nothing is ready yet. |
| 不确定的人 -> they / their / themselves | Everyone brought their own lunch. / Nobody wants to sit by themselves. |
例句
| English | 说明 |
|---|---|
| I accidentally cut myself while cooking. | 主语和宾语是同一个人 |
| She taught herself to play the guitar. | 反身代词：她既是老师又是学生 |
| Did you fix the bike yourself? | 强调：没有别人帮忙 |
| My grandfather still lives by himself. | by + 反身代词 = 独自 |
| The twins always blame each other. | 相互：A 责怪 B，B 也责怪 A |
| I need to concentrate before the exam. | 不说“concentrate myself”——英语里这个动词不是反身动词 |
| Is there anything in the fridge? | 疑问句中用 any- |
| Everybody is invited to the party. | 不定代词 + 单数动词 |
| Nobody knows the answer. | no- 本身已经是否定，动词仍用肯定式 |
| Someone has left their umbrella here. | 身份不明的人 -> they / their |
常见错误
- I feel myself tired. -> I feel tired.——feel, wash, shave, relax, meet, concentrate 在英语里都不是反身动词。
- They love themselves.（想表达相互的意思）-> They love each other.——表示“相互”要用 each other。
- Everybody are happy. -> Everybody is happy.——不定代词后面要用单数动词。
- I didn’t see nobody. -> I didn’t see anybody. / I saw nobody.——不要把 not 和 no- 混用；否定句后面要用 any-。
- Is there something to eat? -> Is there anything to eat?——疑问句里用 any-（但提议里用 some-：Would you like something?）。
学习提示
- 反身代词 = 一面镜子。 动作会反弹回动作的发出者。如果宾语是另一个人，就用普通的宾格代词：I saw him（而不是 himself）。
- by + -self = 独自。 I did it by myself = 没有帮助；I did it myself（强调）= 是我做的，不是别人。
- each other（两个人）与 -selves（回到自己）。 “They emailed each other” = 双向都发生了；“They emailed themselves” = 每个人都给自己的邮箱发了邮件。
- someone / everybody / no one 后面用单数动词，但回指时用 they/their——这样可以避免说 he or she：Has anyone lost their keys?