数量词：some/any/much/many/(a) few/(a) little
A2 Quantifiers: some/any/much/many/(a) few/(a) little 22 / 50
概要
数量词告诉我们有多少或有多少个：肯定句用 some，否定句和疑问句用 any；不可数名词用 much，可数名词用 many。A few / a little 表示“一些”，而 few / little（不加 a）表示“几乎没有”。
规则
some 与 any。 肯定句里用 some，提议和请求里也用它。否定句和大多数疑问句里用 any。
| 句子类型 | 词 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定式 | some | I’ve got some money. |
| 否定式 | any | I don’t have any money. |
| 问题 | any | Is there any milk? |
| 提议／请求 | some | Would you like some tea? / Can I have some water? |
much 与 many 与 a lot of。 Much 搭配不可数名词；many 搭配可数（复数）名词。它们主要用在否定句和疑问句里。肯定句里，两种情况都更自然的说法是 a lot of / lots of。
| 不可数名词 | 可数（复数） | |
|---|---|---|
| 否定式/疑问式 | much (much time?) | many (many people?) |
| 肯定式 | a lot of / lots of | a lot of / lots of |
(a) few 与 (a) little。 这两组都表示“少量”，但冠词会改变语气。
| 词 | 搭配 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| a few | 可数名词 | 一些（肯定的量） |
| a little | 不可数名词 | 一些（肯定的量） |
| few | 可数名词 | 几乎没有（否定的意味） |
| little | 不可数名词 | 几乎没有（否定的意味） |
其他数量词。 too much / too many = 超出你想要的量（过多）。(not) enough = 刚好够或更少。no + 名词 = not any（There’s no bread = There isn’t any bread）。all、most、some、no/none、every、each、both、a couple of 表示你指的是一个群体中多大的一部分。要指某个特定的群体，就在 the / my / these 或代词前面加上 of：some students（泛指学生）但 some of the students / most of them（那个班）。All 和 both 在名词前可以省略 of（all (of) the shops），但代词前不能省略（both of us），而 every 永远不加它（every pupil）。no 直接放在名词前用，none 则跟 of 连用，或单独使用：There are no seats / None of the seats are free / I looked, but there were none。
形式与结构
| 结构 | 搭配 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| some / any + 名词 | 两者 | some sugar, any apples |
| much + 不可数名词 | 不可数名词 | much noise |
| many + 可数名词复数 | 可数名词 | many cars |
| a lot of / lots of + 名词 | 两者 | a lot of rain, lots of ideas |
| a few / few + 可数名词复数 | 可数名词 | a few days, few chances |
| a little / little + 不可数名词 | 不可数名词 | a little salt, little hope |
| too much + 不可数名词 | 不可数名词 | too much sugar |
| too many + 可数名词复数 | 可数名词 | too many mistakes |
| enough + 名词 | 两者 | enough chairs, enough time |
| no + 名词（单数或复数） | 两者 | no bread, no seats |
| most / some / each / a few / none + of + the/my/these（或 us/them） | 一个特定的群体 | most of the photos, none of my keys, each of us |
| every / each + 可数名词单数 | 可数名词 | every day, each student |
| both / a couple of + 可数名词复数 | 可数名词 | both hands, a couple of weeks |
例句
| English | 说明 |
|---|---|
| There are some eggs in the fridge. | 肯定句 -> some |
| We don’t have any sugar left. | 否定句 -> any |
| Are there any seats free? | 疑问句 -> any |
| Would you like some coffee? | 提议 -> some（不用 any） |
| I don’t drink much coffee. | much + 不可数名词，否定句 |
| How many brothers do you have? | many + 可数名词，疑问句 |
| She has a lot of friends. | 肯定句 -> a lot of，而不是“much/many” |
| I have a little time, so let’s talk. | a little = 一些，肯定句 |
| Few people understood the joke. | few = 几乎没有，否定意味 |
| You eat too much chocolate! | 过多（不可数） |
| We don’t have enough chairs for everyone. | not enough = 太少 |
| There’s no milk left, and none of the shops are open. | no + 名词；none 后接 of（绝不说“none milk”） |
常见错误
- I have any friends. -> I have some friends.——肯定句里用 some。
- I don’t have some time. -> I don’t have any time.——否定句里用 any。
- She has much books. -> She has a lot of / many books.——much 用于不可数名词；肯定句里用 a lot of。
- I have a few money. -> I have a little money.——money 是不可数名词，所以用 a little，而不是 a few。
- There aren’t no apples. -> There aren’t any apples. / There are no apples.——不要用双重否定；no 本身就已经表示“not any”。
- He has too much friends. -> He has too many friends.——可数名词复数用 too many。
学习提示
- some = 肯定，any = 不确定／否定。 但提议和请求里要说 some，因为你期待对方回答“是”：Would you like some cake?
- 先数一数这个名词。 如果能数（复数），就用 many / a few / too many。如果不能数，就用 much / a little / too much。
- a 让它变成肯定的意思。 a few / a little = “足够，不用担心”；few / little = “不够，有问题”。
- 在日常肯定句里，a lot of / lots of 对可数名词和不可数名词都是稳妥的选择。