可数名词与不可数名词
A2 Countable & uncountable nouns 21 / 50
概要
可数名词是可以数的：它们有单数和复数，前面可以加 a/an 和数词（a book, two books）。不可数名词被看作一个整体：它们没有复数，也不加 a/an（water, money, advice）。
规则
可数名词指可以一个一个数出来的独立事物。它有两种形式：
- 单数形式加 a/an：a car, an apple
- 复数形式加 -s 或数词：cars、two apples、three cars
不可数名词指一种物质、材料、液体或概念。要把它当作一个整体来看待，所以：
- 前面不加 a/an：
a water-> water / some water - 不加复数 -s：
advices、informations-> advice、information - 谓语动词用单数：The news is good. The furniture is new.
很多在英语里不可数的名词，在其他语言里是可数的。这是 A2 阶段最常见的错误来源。把下面这份高频短清单记成不可数名词：
| 类型 | 不可数名词（没有复数，不加 a/an） |
|---|---|
| 液体／食物 | water, milk, coffee, tea, rice, bread, sugar, butter |
| 材料 | wood, paper, plastic, gold, money |
| 抽象概念／信息 | information, advice, news, knowledge, work, music, fun, weather, luck, help |
| 作为整体的群体 | furniture, luggage, baggage, equipment, traffic |
要数不可数名词，用一个单位词或容器词 + of：
| 结构 | 例词 |
|---|---|
| a piece of + 名词 | a piece of advice, a piece of information, a piece of furniture |
| a glass / cup of + 名词 | a glass of water, a cup of coffee |
| a slice / loaf of + 名词 | a slice of bread, a loaf of bread |
| a bit of + 名词 | a bit of luck, a bit of help |
| a bottle / bag / kilo of + 名词 | a bottle of milk, a bag of rice, a kilo of sugar |
这样也能让它们变成复数：two pieces of advice, three glasses of water, two pieces of luggage。
形式与结构
每种类型都要搭配合适的数量词。Some 和 any 两种类型都能用。
| 词 | 可数名词 | 不可数名词 |
|---|---|---|
| a / an | a chair | - |
| 数词 | two chairs | - |
| many | many chairs | - |
| much | - | much furniture |
| some（肯定句） | some chairs | some furniture |
| any（疑问句／否定句） | any chairs | any furniture |
| a lot of / lots of | a lot of chairs | a lot of furniture |
| How much / How many | How many chairs? | How much furniture? |
有些名词既可数又不可数，含义会随之改变：
| 名词 | 不可数（整体／概念） | 可数（一个单位／一种类型） |
|---|---|---|
| coffee | I like coffee. | Two coffees, please.（= 两杯） |
| hair | She has long hair. | I found two grey hairs.（一根一根的） |
| paper | I need paper to write on. | I bought a paper.（= 一份报纸） |
| glass | The cup is made of glass. | a glass of water（一个玻璃杯） |
| time | I don’t have time. | three times（= 次数） |
例句
| English | 说明 |
|---|---|
| I’d like some water, please. | 不可数：some + 不加复数，不加 a。 |
| She gave me a piece of advice. | 用 a piece of 来数不可数名词 advice。 |
| Can you give me some information about the course? | information 是不可数名词：不加 -s，不加 an。 |
| We bought two pieces of furniture for the bedroom. | 让单位词变复数，而不是 furniture。 |
| The news is on at nine o’clock. | news 看起来像复数，但其实是不可数名词 -> is。 |
| There were three coffees on the tray. | 这里的可数是指三杯咖啡。 |
| How much money do you have, and how many coins? | much + 不可数名词，many + 可数名词。 |
| He took too much luggage on the trip. | luggage 是不可数名词 -> 用 much，不加复数。 |
常见错误
an information-> some information / a piece of information——information 是不可数名词；不加 a/an，不加复数。She gave me good advices.-> good advice / two pieces of advice——advice 从不加 -s。The news are bad.-> The news is bad.——不可数名词的谓语动词用单数。How much chairs?-> How many chairs?——可数名词前用 many（而不是 much）。I need to buy a new furniture.-> some new furniture / a new piece of furniture——furniture 是不可数名词。
学习提示
- 如果能在它前面直接加数词（two ___），它就是可数名词。如果这样说听起来不对，它就是不可数名词。
- 容易出错的词的记忆窍门：advice, information, news, furniture, luggage, work, weather, money 在英语里都是不可数名词。
- 用 a piece of 作为抽象名词和集合名词的万能单位词：a piece of advice / information / news / furniture。
- much 用在肯定句里显得比较正式。日常英语里两种类型都用 a lot of：a lot of money, a lot of friends。