使役结构：have / get + 宾语 + 过去分词
B2 Causative: have / get something done 45 / 50
概要
用 have/get + 宾语 + 过去分词表示你安排别人替你做某件事：I had my car repaired（是修车厂做的）。重点在结果，而不是谁做了这件事。
规则
当你亲自做某件事时，用普通动词：I cut my hair. 当你安排别人去做时，就用使役结构。承受动作的那个东西放在 have/get 和过去分词（动词的第三种形式）之间。
| 结构 | 含义 |
|---|---|
| have + 宾语 + 过去分词 | 你安排／促成这件事；中性，略偏正式 |
| get + 宾语 + 过去分词 | 含义相同；更口语、更随意 |
实际做这件事的人通常不重要、不知道是谁，或者不言而喻，所以我们把他略去不提。这让使役结构特别适合用来谈服务：维修、理发、送货、体检等等。
如果你确实想提到你安排的那个人，就换一种结构：在 have 后面用动词原形，或者在 get 后面用 to 不定式：
| 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|
| have + 人 + 动词原形 | I had the plumber fix the leak. |
| get + 人 + to 不定式 | I got him to help me move. |
还有一种“不幸遭遇”的含义。这种意思下你并没有安排任何事，只是有件坏事发生在你身上：He had his wallet stolen = 他的钱包被偷了。具体是哪种含义，要靠上下文判断。
形式与结构
| 时态 | “Have”形式 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | have/has + 宾语 + 过去分词 | She has her nails done every month. |
| 现在进行时 | am/is/are having + 宾语 + 过去分词 | We’re having the kitchen painted this week. |
| 一般过去时 | had + 宾语 + 过去分词 | They had their photos printed. |
| 现在完成时 | have/has had + 宾语 + 过去分词 | I’ve had my eyes tested. |
| 将来时/情态动词 | will/need to + have + 宾语 + 过去分词 | I’ll have the documents checked. |
| 否定式/疑问式 | have 和 get 都用 do/did | Did you have it delivered? / How often do you get your car serviced? |
语序是固定的：宾语放在过去分词前面。Get 的用法和普通动词一样（does/did），使役用法里的 have 在疑问句和否定句里也是如此（Did you have it fixed?）。
例句
| English | 说明 |
|---|---|
| I had my car repaired last week. | 是修车厂做的；重点在结果，不在修理工。 |
| She’s having her hair cut tomorrow. | 用现在进行时表示已经安排好的事。 |
| We had the house painted in the spring. | 我们安排并付了钱；是别人来刷的漆。 |
| I need to get my eyes tested. | Get = 非正式说法；由配镜师来做。 |
| Can you get the photos printed today? | 询问对方是否安排了某项服务。 |
| I had the plumber fix the leak. | Have + 人 + 动词原形：点明了是谁做的。 |
| I finally got him to help me. | Get + 人 + to 不定式：说服某人做某事。 |
| He had his wallet stolen on the train. | “不幸遭遇”的含义：这件事发生在他身上。 |
常见错误
- I had repaired my car（修车厂做的时候）-> I had my car repaired ——要把宾语放在过去分词前面，否则看起来就像是过去完成时“我之前自己做了”。
- She had cut her hair（在理发店的意思）-> She had her hair cut ——先说宾语，再说分词；语序决定了含义。
- I had my car repair -> I had my car repaired ——have something done 结构里要用过去分词，不用动词原形。
- I got him help me -> I got him to help me ——get + 人 后面要用 to 不定式。
- I had the plumber to fix it -> I had the plumber fix it ——have + 人 后面要用动词原形（不加 to）。
学习提示
- 快速判断法：如果宾语放在动词和分词之间，那就是使役结构。比较 I cut my hair（自己做）和 I had my hair cut（别人做）。
- 使役结构基本上就是加了 have/get 的被动语态，所以它建立在你已经从被动语态学过的过去分词之上。
- Get 听起来更口语、更随意；have 是书面语和正式场合的稳妥选择。含义是一样的。
- 用来说日常的服务：get the car serviced, have a suit made, get a tooth filled, have the boiler checked.