too / enough / so / such
A2 too / enough / so / such 31 / 50
요약
too는 ‘원하는 것보다 많다’(문제가 있음)는 뜻으로, enough은 ‘딱 알맞은 양’(괜찮음)이라는 뜻으로 쓰고, so / such는 형용사나 명사를 강조할 때 씁니다. 기억하세요: too는 very와 같지 않습니다.
규칙
too = 필요하거나 원하는 것보다 많음. 항상 문제처럼 들립니다.
- too + 형용사/부사: It’s too hot. / You drive too fast.
- too much + 불가산명사: too much salt, too much noise
- too many + 가산명사: too many people, too many emails
enough = 필요한 만큼(중립적이거나 긍정적).
- 형용사/부사 + enough(enough는 뒤에 옵니다): old enough, fast enough, good enough
- enough + 명사(enough는 앞에 옵니다): enough money, enough time, enough chairs
결과를 나타낼 때 too / (not) enough + to부정사를 씁니다:
- too tired to walk (= 너무 지쳐서 걸을 수 없다는 뜻)
- old enough to drive (= 나이가 충분해서 괜찮다는 뜻)
- not warm enough to swim (= 충분히 따뜻하지 않다는 뜻)
동작을 하는 사람이 다른 사람일 때는 to 앞에 for로 그 사람을 나타냅니다: too heavy for my sister to lift / not warm enough for the children to swim.
so + 형용사/부사는 뜻을 더 강하게 만듭니다: so tired, so quickly. such + (a/an) + (형용사) + 명사는 명사에 같은 역할을 합니다: such a long day, such nice people. 둘 다 흔히 결과를 나타내는 that절을 덧붙입니다: so tired that I slept / such a good film that I saw it twice.
too vs very: very good = 그냥 강조(긍정적). too good = 문제가 있음. ‘The film was too good, I loved it’라고 하지 말고 — very를 쓰세요.
형태와 패턴
| 패턴 | 함께 쓰이는 것 | 예 |
|---|---|---|
| too + 형용사/부사 | 형용사, 부사 | This bag is too heavy. |
| too much + 명사 | 불가산명사 | We have too much work. |
| too many + 명사 | 가산명사 복수 | There are too many cars. |
| 형용사/부사 + enough | 형용사, 부사 | She isn’t tall enough. |
| enough + 명사 | 모든 명사 | Do we have enough bread? |
| too … to + 동사 | 결과(부정적) | It’s too late to call him. |
| (not) … enough to + 동사 | 결과 | He’s strong enough to lift it. |
| too/enough + for + 사람 + to + 동사 | 행위자가 다른 경우의 결과 | It was too noisy for us to talk. |
| so + 형용사/부사 (+ that) | 형용사, 부사 | It was so cold (that) we left. |
| such (+ a/an) (+ 형용사) + 명사 (+ that) | 명사구 | It was such a good idea. |
예문
| English | 참고 |
|---|---|
| This coffee is too hot to drink. | too + 형용사 + to: 더위가 문제인 경우 |
| He spoke too quickly for me. | too + 부사: 내가 따라갈 수 있는 정도를 넘어섬 |
| You eat too much sugar. | too much + 불가산명사 |
| There were too many people on the bus. | too many + 가산명사 복수 |
| Is she old enough to vote? | 형용사 + enough(형용사 뒤) |
| We don’t have enough chairs for everyone. | enough + 명사(명사 앞) |
| The test was so easy that I finished early. | so + 형용사 + that결과절 |
| It was such a long film that I fell asleep. | such + a + 형용사 + 명사 + that결과절 |
자주 하는 실수
- I have too many homework. -> I have too much homework. — homework은 불가산명사이므로 too much를 씁니다.
- She is enough old to drive. -> She is old enough to drive. — enough은 형용사 뒤에 옵니다.
- He is too tired for walk. -> He is too tired to walk. — 결과를 나타내는 동사에는 to를 쓰고, for + 동사원형은 절대 쓰지 않습니다; for는 그 앞에서 동작을 하는 사람을 나타냅니다(too tired for me to walk).
- It was a so nice day. -> It was such a nice day. — 명사 앞에는 so가 아니라 such (a)를 씁니다.
- The hotel was too good, we loved it. -> The hotel was very good, we loved it. — too는 문제가 있다는 뜻이므로, 긍정적인 뜻에는 very를 씁니다.
학습 팁
- 간단 확인: 불평이나 문제라면 too를 쓰고, 괜찮거나 긍정적이라면 enough이나 very를 씁니다.
- 어순 암기법: 형용사 + enough이지만 enough + 명사입니다(good enough vs enough food).
- so + 형용사 단독(so nice); such + 명사구(such a nice place). 명사가 있다면 such를 쓰세요.
- too much / too many 뒤에서는 명사를 확인하세요: 불가산명사 -> much, 가산명사 복수 -> many(21강 참고).