构词法:前缀与后缀

B2 Word formation: prefixes & suffixes 47 / 50

概要

前缀放在词前面,通常改变词义(happy -> unhappy);后缀放在词后面,通常改变词性(happy -> happiness -> happily)。这是一套可以学会的系统,不是一堆随机的清单——这正是 FCE/CAE Use of English 构词题考查的内容。

规则

从一个基础词出发,通过添加词缀,围绕它建立一个同根词族:

  • 前缀 = 改变词义,词性不变:do -> redo、legal -> illegal。
  • 后缀 = 常常改变词性:动词 -> 名词(decide -> decision),形容词 -> 副词(quick -> quickly)。

B2 阶段的错误大多来自给空格选错了词类。读一读句子:这里需要名词、动词、形容词还是副词?再选能构成这个词类的后缀。要留意少数词族里,新词是建立在基础词的同源变体上,而不是基础词本身:strong -> strength -> strengthen,绝不是 strongen。

否定前缀构成反义词。用哪一个大多要靠死记,但拼写会跟着后面字母的发音变化:

前缀使用倾向/含义例句
un-很常见,表示“不”happy -> unhappy, lock -> unlock
in-“不”(默认)correct -> incorrect, visible -> invisible
im-用在 p、b、m 前面possible -> impossible, mature -> immature
il-用在 l 前面legal -> illegal, logical -> illogical
ir-用在 r 前面regular -> irregular, responsible -> irresponsible
dis-“不”/表示相反agree -> disagree, appear -> disappear
non-“不是”,通常加连字符non-smoker, non-fiction
mis-“错误地/不好地”understand -> misunderstand, spell -> misspell

注意 im-、il-、ir- 只是 in- 为了配合后面的发音而变的形。

其他常用前缀:

前缀含义例句
re-再一次/回rewrite, reopen, return
over-过多overcook, oversleep, overpriced
under-过少undercook, underpaid, underestimate
pre-之前preview, preheat, prewar
post-之后post-war, postgraduate
anti-反对antivirus, anti-social
ex-前任的(加连字符)ex-wife, ex-president

形式与结构

名词后缀(常来自动词或形容词):

后缀来源例句
-tion / -sion动词educate -> education, decide -> decision
-ment动词agree -> agreement, develop -> development
-ness形容词dark -> darkness, happy -> happiness
-ity形容词able -> ability, real -> reality
-er / -or / -ist做这件事的人teach -> teacher, act -> actor, science -> scientist
-ship状态/关系friend -> friendship, member -> membership
-hood状态/阶段child -> childhood、neighbour -> neighbourhood;来自形容词:likely -> likelihood(不是 likelyhood)
-ance / -ence动词/形容词perform -> performance, different -> difference

形容词后缀:

后缀含义例句
-ful充满……的care -> careful, use -> useful
-less没有……的care -> careless, home -> homeless
-able / -ible可以被……的enjoy -> enjoyable, reverse -> reversible
-ous具有……特质的danger -> dangerous, fame -> famous
-ive倾向于……的create -> creative, attract -> attractive
-al / -ical与……有关的nature -> natural, history -> historical
-y充满……的sun -> sunny, cloud -> cloudy

动词后缀:

后缀含义例句
-ise / -ize使……/变得……modern -> modernise, real -> realise
-en使更……(来自短形容词)wide -> widen、short -> shorten;通过名词形式:strong -> strengthen、long -> lengthen
-ify使……simple -> simplify, pure -> purify

副词:在形容词后加 -ly:quick -> quickly、careful -> carefully。拼写:happy -> happily(y -> i),gentle -> gently(去掉 -e),true -> truly;以 -ic 结尾的形容词加 -ally:basic -> basically。

同根词族——要把整组词一起记,而不是单个背单词:

基础词名词形容词副词
happyhappinesshappy / unhappyhappily
decidedecisiondecisive / indecisivedecisively
carecare / carercareful / carelesscarefully
photographphotography / photographerphotographicphotographically

加上后缀后重音可能会移动,所以不仅要记拼写,也要记读音:

  • PHO-to-graph -> pho-TOG-ra-phy -> pho-to-GRAPH-ic
  • -ity、-ion、-ic、-ical 这样的词尾往往会把重音拉到它们前面的音节上:PUB-lic -> pub-LI-ci-ty、e-CON-o-my -> e-co-NOM-ic。

例句

English说明
The instructions were unclear, so nobody knew what to do.un- = “不”;clear 的反义。
It’s impossible to finish all this by Friday.im- 用在 p 前面(不是 unpossible)。
Parking here is illegal after six o’clock.il- 用在 l 前面。
I completely disagree with that decision.dis- 表示 agree 的相反。
Sorry, I misread your message.mis- = “错误地”。
Her kindness surprised everyone in the office.-ness 把形容词 kind 变成名词。
They came up with a very creative solution.-ive 由 create 构成形容词。
He answered every question nervously.-ly 构成副词(表示他是怎样回答的)。

常见错误

  • unpossible -> impossible ——在 p、b、m 前面要用 im-。
  • He is a very success person. -> …a very successful person. ——这个空格需要形容词,所以加 -ful。
  • She speaks English very careful. -> …very carefully. ——修饰动词需要副词 -ly。
  • His behaviour was unresponsible. -> …was irresponsible. ——在 r 前面用 ir-。
  • We made a beautifull, carefull plan. -> …a beautiful, careful plan. ——-ful 只有一个 l(只有加上 -ly 时才会有两个 l:carefully)。

学习提示

  • 先判断词类。Use of English 题型里空格处的词,几乎总是和括号里给出的词属于不同的词类。
  • 否定前缀大多是每个词固定搭配的——拿不准时,至少可以靠拼写规则(im-/il-/ir- 用在 p、b、m / l / r 前面,其余情况用 in-)保证形式不错。
  • 按词族来记单词(decide -> decision -> decisive -> indecisive -> decisively);一个基础词往往能给你四五个考试答案。
  • 留意 -ity、-ion、-ic 这些词尾带来的重音移动——含义可能一目了然,但读音会变。