构词法:前缀与后缀
B2 Word formation: prefixes & suffixes 47 / 50
概要
前缀放在词前面,通常改变词义(happy -> unhappy);后缀放在词后面,通常改变词性(happy -> happiness -> happily)。这是一套可以学会的系统,不是一堆随机的清单——这正是 FCE/CAE Use of English 构词题考查的内容。
规则
从一个基础词出发,通过添加词缀,围绕它建立一个同根词族:
- 前缀 = 改变词义,词性不变:do -> redo、legal -> illegal。
- 后缀 = 常常改变词性:动词 -> 名词(decide -> decision),形容词 -> 副词(quick -> quickly)。
B2 阶段的错误大多来自给空格选错了词类。读一读句子:这里需要名词、动词、形容词还是副词?再选能构成这个词类的后缀。要留意少数词族里,新词是建立在基础词的同源变体上,而不是基础词本身:strong -> strength -> strengthen,绝不是 strongen。
否定前缀构成反义词。用哪一个大多要靠死记,但拼写会跟着后面字母的发音变化:
| 前缀 | 使用倾向/含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| un- | 很常见,表示“不” | happy -> unhappy, lock -> unlock |
| in- | “不”(默认) | correct -> incorrect, visible -> invisible |
| im- | 用在 p、b、m 前面 | possible -> impossible, mature -> immature |
| il- | 用在 l 前面 | legal -> illegal, logical -> illogical |
| ir- | 用在 r 前面 | regular -> irregular, responsible -> irresponsible |
| dis- | “不”/表示相反 | agree -> disagree, appear -> disappear |
| non- | “不是”,通常加连字符 | non-smoker, non-fiction |
| mis- | “错误地/不好地” | understand -> misunderstand, spell -> misspell |
注意 im-、il-、ir- 只是 in- 为了配合后面的发音而变的形。
其他常用前缀:
| 前缀 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| re- | 再一次/回 | rewrite, reopen, return |
| over- | 过多 | overcook, oversleep, overpriced |
| under- | 过少 | undercook, underpaid, underestimate |
| pre- | 之前 | preview, preheat, prewar |
| post- | 之后 | post-war, postgraduate |
| anti- | 反对 | antivirus, anti-social |
| ex- | 前任的(加连字符) | ex-wife, ex-president |
形式与结构
名词后缀(常来自动词或形容词):
| 后缀 | 来源 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| -tion / -sion | 动词 | educate -> education, decide -> decision |
| -ment | 动词 | agree -> agreement, develop -> development |
| -ness | 形容词 | dark -> darkness, happy -> happiness |
| -ity | 形容词 | able -> ability, real -> reality |
| -er / -or / -ist | 做这件事的人 | teach -> teacher, act -> actor, science -> scientist |
| -ship | 状态/关系 | friend -> friendship, member -> membership |
| -hood | 状态/阶段 | child -> childhood、neighbour -> neighbourhood;来自形容词:likely -> likelihood(不是 likelyhood) |
| -ance / -ence | 动词/形容词 | perform -> performance, different -> difference |
形容词后缀:
| 后缀 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| -ful | 充满……的 | care -> careful, use -> useful |
| -less | 没有……的 | care -> careless, home -> homeless |
| -able / -ible | 可以被……的 | enjoy -> enjoyable, reverse -> reversible |
| -ous | 具有……特质的 | danger -> dangerous, fame -> famous |
| -ive | 倾向于……的 | create -> creative, attract -> attractive |
| -al / -ical | 与……有关的 | nature -> natural, history -> historical |
| -y | 充满……的 | sun -> sunny, cloud -> cloudy |
动词后缀:
| 后缀 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| -ise / -ize | 使……/变得…… | modern -> modernise, real -> realise |
| -en | 使更……(来自短形容词) | wide -> widen、short -> shorten;通过名词形式:strong -> strengthen、long -> lengthen |
| -ify | 使…… | simple -> simplify, pure -> purify |
副词:在形容词后加 -ly:quick -> quickly、careful -> carefully。拼写:happy -> happily(y -> i),gentle -> gently(去掉 -e),true -> truly;以 -ic 结尾的形容词加 -ally:basic -> basically。
同根词族——要把整组词一起记,而不是单个背单词:
| 基础词 | 名词 | 形容词 | 副词 |
|---|---|---|---|
| happy | happiness | happy / unhappy | happily |
| decide | decision | decisive / indecisive | decisively |
| care | care / carer | careful / careless | carefully |
| photograph | photography / photographer | photographic | photographically |
加上后缀后重音可能会移动,所以不仅要记拼写,也要记读音:
- PHO-to-graph -> pho-TOG-ra-phy -> pho-to-GRAPH-ic
- -ity、-ion、-ic、-ical 这样的词尾往往会把重音拉到它们前面的音节上:PUB-lic -> pub-LI-ci-ty、e-CON-o-my -> e-co-NOM-ic。
例句
| English | 说明 |
|---|---|
| The instructions were unclear, so nobody knew what to do. | un- = “不”;clear 的反义。 |
| It’s impossible to finish all this by Friday. | im- 用在 p 前面(不是 unpossible)。 |
| Parking here is illegal after six o’clock. | il- 用在 l 前面。 |
| I completely disagree with that decision. | dis- 表示 agree 的相反。 |
| Sorry, I misread your message. | mis- = “错误地”。 |
| Her kindness surprised everyone in the office. | -ness 把形容词 kind 变成名词。 |
| They came up with a very creative solution. | -ive 由 create 构成形容词。 |
| He answered every question nervously. | -ly 构成副词(表示他是怎样回答的)。 |
常见错误
- unpossible -> impossible ——在 p、b、m 前面要用 im-。
- He is a very success person. -> …a very successful person. ——这个空格需要形容词,所以加 -ful。
- She speaks English very careful. -> …very carefully. ——修饰动词需要副词 -ly。
- His behaviour was unresponsible. -> …was irresponsible. ——在 r 前面用 ir-。
- We made a beautifull, carefull plan. -> …a beautiful, careful plan. ——-ful 只有一个 l(只有加上 -ly 时才会有两个 l:carefully)。
学习提示
- 先判断词类。Use of English 题型里空格处的词,几乎总是和括号里给出的词属于不同的词类。
- 否定前缀大多是每个词固定搭配的——拿不准时,至少可以靠拼写规则(im-/il-/ir- 用在 p、b、m / l / r 前面,其余情况用 in-)保证形式不错。
- 按词族来记单词(decide -> decision -> decisive -> indecisive -> decisively);一个基础词往往能给你四五个考试答案。
- 留意 -ity、-ion、-ic 这些词尾带来的重音移动——含义可能一目了然,但读音会变。