第二条件句（+ wish / if only）
B1 Second conditional (+ wish / if only) 35 / 50
概要
第二条件句用来谈论不真实、假想或不太可能发生的现在或将来情况：if + 一般过去时，would + 动词原形。这里的过去时表示“不真实”，而不是“过去的时间”。
规则
第二条件句想象一个现在不成立（或者极不可能发生）的情况，并说出它的结果。
| 部分 | 形式 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| If 从句（假想的情况） | if + 一般过去时 | If I had a car, … |
| 主句（想象的结果） | would / could / might + 动词原形 | … I would drive to work. |
- would（‘d） = 正常／很可能发生的结果：If I won, I would celebrate.
- could = 能够／可能会：If I had more money, I could travel.
- might = 结果有可能，但不确定：If you asked her, she might say yes.
一般过去时在这里并不表示过去。它是一个“距离”信号，告诉听者这个情况是假想的。
were 用于所有人称。 在讲究措辞的英语里，if 后接 I/he/she/it 时用 were（而不是 was）：
If he were taller, he could be a model. / If it weren’t so late, we’d stay.
（was 在口语中很常见，但 were 才是稳妥、正确的选择。）
If I were you, I'd ... 是给建议的固定句型：
If I were you, I’d apologise.
第二条件句与第一条件句（见第 28 课）。第一条件句用于真实、可能发生的将来情况；第二条件句用于不真实或不太可能发生的情况。
| 第一条件句 | 第二条件句 | |
|---|---|---|
| 含义 | 真实／可能 | 不真实／不太可能／假想 |
| 形式 | if + 现在时，will + 原形 | if + 过去时，would + 原形 |
| 例句 | If it rains, I’ll stay home. | If it snowed in July, I’d be shocked. |
逗号：if 从句在前时，后面加逗号；在后时，不加逗号： If I knew, I’d tell you. / I’d tell you if I knew.
形式与结构
第二条件句：
| If 从句 | 主句 |
|---|---|
| If + 主语 + 一般过去时 | 主语 + would / could / might + 动词原形 |
| If I lived abroad, | I would learn the language. |
| If she were here, | she could help us. |
wish / if only。 这两个词表达希望现在有所不同的愿望（一种针对现在的遗憾）——和“虚拟过去”是同一个道理。
| 用法 | 形式 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 针对现在的遗憾／不真实的愿望 | wish / if only + 一般过去时 | I wish I had more time. |
| 搭配 be | wish / if only + were | I wish I were taller. |
| 不满／想要改变 | wish / if only + would + 原形 | I wish you would listen. |
If only 只是 wish 更强烈、更带感情色彩的说法：If only I knew his name!
wish + would 用于表达让你不满、想要改变的事——通常是别人的行为，或者你无法控制的情况。一般不用 wish + would 来说自己。
例句
| English | 说明 |
|---|---|
| If I won the lottery, I’d travel the world. | 假想的将来；won = 不真实，不是过去。 |
| If I had more time, I would help you with this. | 不成立的现在情况。 |
| If he were taller, he’d play basketball. | 讲究措辞的英语里，he 搭配 were。 |
| If I were you, I’d take the job. | 给建议的固定句型。 |
| If it snowed in July, everyone would be amazed. | 极不可能——用第二条件句，不用第一条件句。 |
| I wish I had a bigger flat. | 针对真实情况的现在的遗憾。 |
| If only I knew his name! | 针对现在的强烈的不真实愿望。 |
| I wish you would stop interrupting me. | wish + would = 对某人行为的不满。 |
| I wish it would stop raining. | 想要某个情况发生改变。 |
常见错误
- If I will have time, I would help. -> If I had time, I would help.——if 后面要用一般过去时，不能用 will/would。
- If I would win, I’d be happy. -> If I won, I’d be happy.——would 只能出现在主句里。
- I wish I have more money. -> I wish I had more money.——表示对现在的 wish，要用一般过去时。
- I wish you would be taller. -> I wish you were taller.——状态用 wish + 过去时／were；可改变的动作／不满用 wish + would。
- If I knew it I would tell you. -> If I knew it, I would tell you.——if 从句放在前面时，后面要加逗号。
学习提示
- “过去时的形式 = 不真实，而不是过去的时间。”这一个概念可以同时解开第二条件句和 wish 的谜题。
- 给建议时，直接用现成的句型 If I were you, I’d …
- 快速判断法：真实且可能？-> 第一条件句（if + 现在时，will）。假想或不太可能？-> 第二条件句（if + 过去时，would）。
- 记住这个区分：wish + 过去时 = 你感到遗憾的状态；wish + would = 你想要改变或让你不满的动作。