过去完成时（及叙事时态）

B1 Past perfect (+ narrative tenses) 33 / 50

概要

过去完成时（had + 过去分词）表示“过去中的过去”——在过去某个时刻或动作之前发生的事情。当你已经在讲过去的事情时，用它指向更早发生的事件。

讲故事或描述过去的事情时，一般过去时承担主要事件。有时你需要提到发生得更早的事情，这时就要用过去完成时再往前“退一步”。

When I arrived, the train had already left. > （火车先离开，然后我才到。过去完成时表示哪件事先发生。）

所有人称的形式都一样（I / you / he / she / it / we / they）：就是 had + 过去分词。he/she/it 都不需要改变 had。

过去完成时经常和这些词连用：already, just, never, ever, by the time, after, before, because。

标志词	例句
already	The film had already started when we sat down.
just	She had just woken up when the phone rang.
never / ever	It was the best meal I had ever eaten.
by the time	By the time we got there, everyone had gone home.
because	He was tired because he hadn’t slept.

用 after / before 时，时间顺序本身已经很清楚了，所以过去完成时是可选的——一般过去时往往就够了。

After he had finished, he left. = After he finished, he left.

叙事时态（整体来看）。 在一个故事里，这三种时态会配合使用：

时态	在故事里的作用	例句
一般过去时	主要事件，按顺序发生	I opened the door and walked in.
过去进行时	场景／背景	It was raining and the wind was blowing.
过去完成时	更早的背景	The house had been empty for years.

过去完成进行时（简单提一下）：had been + -ing 强调更早那个动作持续了多久。Her eyes were red because she had been crying. 同样的思路往前挪一格，见现在完成进行时。

形式	结构	例句
肯定式	主语 + had + 过去分词	They had eaten before we arrived.
缩略形式	主语 + ‘d + 过去分词	They’d eaten before we arrived.
否定式	主语 + had not / hadn’t + 过去分词	I hadn’t met her before.
问题	Had + 主语 + 过去分词……？	Had you seen it before?
简答	Yes, … had. / No, … hadn’t.	Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t.

注意：‘d 可能是 had 的缩写，也可能是 would 的缩写。如果后面接过去分词，就是 had（She’d left = She had left）；如果后面接动词原形，就是 would（She’d leave = She would leave）。

过去分词是动词的第三种形式：规则动词加 -ed（work -> worked），不规则动词必须逐个记住（go -> gone、see -> seen、write -> written、take -> taken、break -> broken）。不规则动词列表见一般过去时。

English	说明
When I got to the station, the train had already left.	火车先离开，我后到。
She had never seen snow before that trip.	在过去某个时刻之前一直“没有经历过”的事。
By the time the police came, the thief had escaped.	一个过去的事件在另一个之前完成。
He failed the exam because he hadn’t studied.	过去完成时给出更早发生的原因。
After we had paid, we left the restaurant.	这里可以不用——顺序已经很清楚了。
I knew his face because we had met at a party.	回指更早的一次见面。
They’d finished dinner, so the kitchen was a mess.	缩略形式 ‘d = had；结果在后面才显现。
Her hands were dirty because she had been gardening.	过去完成进行时——更早正在进行的动作。

When I arrived, the train left. -> When I arrived, the train had left.——先发生的事件要用过去完成时。
I had went home. -> I had gone home.——had 后面要用过去分词，不用一般过去式。
He has finished before I called. -> He had finished before I called.——“过去中的过去”要用 had，不用 has。
First I had cooked, then I had eaten. -> First I cooked, then I ate.——如果顺序已经很清楚了（then、first），一般过去时就够了，不要滥用过去完成时。
She’d leave when I arrived.（想表达“她已经走了”）-> She’d left when I arrived.——表示过去完成时，‘d 后面需要接过去分词。