情态动词表示义务与建议:must / have to / should
A2 Modals of obligation & advice: must / have to / should 26 / 50
概要
用 must 和 have to 表示某件事是必须的,用 should / ought to 给出建议。要小心:mustn’t 的意思是“不能做——这是被禁止的”,而 don’t have to 的意思是“你想做就做——这不是必须的”。
规则
这些动词后面直接接另一个动词的原形(不加 to,have to、ought to 和 need to 除外)。
义务——表示某件事是必须的:
- must = 表示强烈的义务或规定,往往是说话人自己的感觉:You must wear a seatbelt. / I must call her.
- have to / has to = 表示外部强加的义务(法律、工作、客观情况等):I have to work on Saturday.
在日常口语中,这两者的意思常常是重叠的。它们的主要区别体现在否定形式上:
| 否定式 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| mustn’t | 这是被禁止的,不能做。 | You mustn’t smoke here. |
| don’t / doesn’t have to | 这不是必须的,可做可不做。 | You don’t have to come. |
建议——一个好主意:
- should / shouldn’t = 表示建议、推荐:You should rest. / You shouldn’t worry.
- ought to = 和 should 意思相同,语气稍微正式一点:You ought to see a doctor.
- had better (‘d better) = 表示强烈的建议或对当下情况的警告,暗示不这样做会有不好的后果:You’d better hurry.
过去的义务: 表示义务的 must 没有过去式。过去所有情况统一用 had to: I had to leave early yesterday.
半情态动词(意思相近):
- need to = 表示有必要:I need to buy milk.(否定:don’t need to)
- be supposed to = 表示按计划/规定应该如此:We’re supposed to wear black.
形式与结构
| 结构 | 结构 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| must | 主语 + must + 原形 | She must go now. |
| mustn’t | 主语 + must not / mustn’t + 原形 | He mustn’t be late. |
| have to | 主语 + have/has to + 原形 | They have to pay. |
| have to(疑问式) | Do/Does + 主语 + have to + 原形 | Do you have to leave? |
| have to(否定式) | 主语 + don’t/doesn’t have to + 原形 | We don’t have to pay. |
| should | 主语 + should(n’t) + 原形 | You should try. |
| ought to | 主语 + ought to + 原形 | You ought to ask. |
| had better | 主语 + ‘d better (not) + 原形 | We’d better go. |
| had to(过去式) | 主语 + had to + 原形 | I had to wait. |
注意:must、should 和 ought to 在第三人称后都不加 -s,疑问句和否定句里也都不用 do/does。只有 have to 和 need to 会用到 do/does。
例句
| English | 说明 |
|---|---|
| You must wear a helmet on the bike. | 说话人坚持的强硬规定。 |
| I must remember to charge my phone. | 强烈的个人需要/提醒自己。 |
| Anna has to wear a uniform at work. | 外部强加的义务——这是公司的规定。 |
| Do you have to get up early tomorrow? | 用 have to 提问时要用 do。 |
| Passengers mustn’t open the doors. | 禁止——这是不允许的。 |
| You don’t have to finish it today. | 没有义务——可做可不做,由你决定。 |
| You should drink more water. | 友善的建议/推荐。 |
| You ought to apologise to her. | 建议,比 should 稍微正式一点。 |
| It’s late - we’d better leave now. | 针对当下情况的强烈建议/警告。 |
| Sorry, I’m late - I had to take the dog out. | 过去的义务;must 没有过去式。 |
常见错误
- You don’t must smoke. -> You mustn’t smoke.——must 从不搭配 do;表示禁止用 mustn’t。
- You mustn’t pay, it’s free. -> You don’t have to pay, it’s free.——表示“没有必要”用 don’t have to,而不是 mustn’t(表示禁止)。
- Does she must work today? -> Does she have to work today?——疑问句要用 have to(搭配 do/does),不用 must。
- I must to call him. -> I must call him.——must、should 或 mustn’t 后面不加 to。
- Yesterday I must leave early. -> Yesterday I had to leave early.——过去的义务永远用 had to。
- You should to rest. -> You should rest.——should 后面直接接原形,不加 to。
学习提示
- 记忆窍门:mustn’t = 停!(禁止),don’t have to = 放松(可做可不做)。这两者的意思并不相同。
- 表达自己强烈的感觉或书面规定时,must 最合适;日常生活中外部强加的义务和提问,用 have to 更自然。
- had better 的语气比 should 更强——它暗示了不好的后果:You’d better save your work (or you’ll lose it).
- 表示义务的过去式只有一个:had to。不要去找 must 的过去式。