指示代词:this/that/these/those
A1 Demonstratives: this/that/these/those 6 / 50
概要
用 this/that/these/those 指出事物,说明它离你近还是远。This 和 these 表示近(这里、现在);that 和 those 表示远(那里、那时、已经结束)。
规则
指示代词有两种用法:
- 修饰名词——放在名词前面:this book、those cars。
- 单独作代词——单独使用,后面不加名词:This is nice. What are those?
它们同时传达两个信息:
- 数: 单数还是复数。
- 距离: 离说话人近还是远。
| 近(这里/现在) | 远(那里/那时) | |
|---|---|---|
| 单数 | this | that |
| 复数 | these | those |
和名词连用时,名词直接跟在后面:this apple、these apples、that man、those men。这个词的单复数要和名词一致:名词是单数 -> this/that;名词是复数 -> these/those。
常见的日常用法:
- 指物: Look at that bird! I like these shoes.
- 介绍人: This is my friend Sam. These are my parents.
- 打电话时: Hello, this is Anna. Who’s that?(自己用 this,对方用 that。)
- 指代刚说过或听到的一个想法: That’s a good idea. That’s why I’m tired.
为了避免重复名词,用 one(单数)或 ones(复数):I like this one. The red ones are mine. Not that one - this one. 指示代词后面也可以直接跟一个短语来限定它,而不用再加名词——这时不需要再加 ones:These are mine; those on the shelf are yours. Those of us who cycle leave earlier.
形式与结构
| 结构 | 单数 | 复数 |
|---|---|---|
| 指示代词 + 名词 | this car / that car | these cars / those cars |
| 代词(单独使用) | This is good. / That is good. | These are good. / Those are good. |
| 代词 + 短语 | What’s that in the box?(陈述句里说 the one in the box) | these on the shelf / those near the door |
| 加 one/ones | this one / that one | these ones / those ones |
| 缩略形式(代词 + be) | that’s = that is | (these/those 没有常用的缩略形式) |
常用的疑问句形式:
- What’s this?/What’s that?(问一样东西)
- What are these?/What are those?(问不止一样东西)
例句
| English | 说明 |
|---|---|
| This coffee is hot. | 单数名词,离说话人近。 |
| These keys are mine. | 复数名词,离说话人近。 |
| Can you see that house on the hill? | 单数,离得远。 |
| Look at those birds in the sky! | 复数,离得远。 |
| This is my sister, Mia. | 介绍一个在旁边的人。 |
| Hello, this is Anna. Who’s that? | 打电话时:this = 我,that = 你。 |
| That’s a great idea! | 指代刚说过的内容。 |
| I don’t want the blue cup - I want this one. | one 代替“cup”,避免重复。 |
常见错误
- I like these car. -> I like this car.——单数名词要用 this/that,不能用 these/those。
- Look at this birds. -> Look at these birds.——复数名词要用 these/those。
- What is those? -> What are those?——复数的指示代词后面要用复数动词。
- Is this John?(打电话时问对方是谁)-> Is that John?——电话线另一端的人用 that,不用 this。
- I want the red one.(指多个的时候)-> I want the red ones.——复数要用 ones。
学习提示
- 记忆窍门:this 和 these 配 here;that 和 those 配 there。
- 先数数量,再选词:一样东西 = this/that;不止一样 = these/those。
- 打电话时,自己永远用 this(This is Anna),对方用 that(Who’s that?)。
- 用 that’s 来回应一个说法:That’s true. That’s why. That’s a good question.