指示代词:this/that/these/those

A1 Demonstratives: this/that/these/those 6 / 50

概要

用 this/that/these/those 指出事物,说明它离你近还是远。This 和 these 表示近(这里、现在);that 和 those 表示远(那里、那时、已经结束)。

规则

指示代词有两种用法:

  1. 修饰名词——放在名词前面:this book、those cars。
  2. 单独作代词——单独使用,后面不加名词:This is nice. What are those?

它们同时传达两个信息:

  • 数: 单数还是复数。
  • 距离: 离说话人近还是远。
近(这里/现在)远(那里/那时)
单数thisthat
复数thesethose

和名词连用时,名词直接跟在后面:this apple、these apples、that man、those men。这个词的单复数要和名词一致:名词是单数 -> this/that;名词是复数 -> these/those。

常见的日常用法:

  • 指物: Look at that bird! I like these shoes.
  • 介绍人: This is my friend Sam. These are my parents.
  • 打电话时: Hello, this is Anna. Who’s that?(自己用 this,对方用 that。)
  • 指代刚说过或听到的一个想法: That’s a good idea. That’s why I’m tired.

为了避免重复名词,用 one(单数)或 ones(复数):I like this one. The red ones are mine. Not that one - this one. 指示代词后面也可以直接跟一个短语来限定它,而不用再加名词——这时不需要再加 ones:These are mine; those on the shelf are yours. Those of us who cycle leave earlier.

形式与结构

结构单数复数
指示代词 + 名词this car / that carthese cars / those cars
代词(单独使用)This is good. / That is good.These are good. / Those are good.
代词 + 短语What’s that in the box?(陈述句里说 the one in the box)these on the shelf / those near the door
加 one/onesthis one / that onethese ones / those ones
缩略形式(代词 + be)that’s = that is(these/those 没有常用的缩略形式)

常用的疑问句形式:

  • What’s this?/What’s that?(问一样东西)
  • What are these?/What are those?(问不止一样东西)

例句

English说明
This coffee is hot.单数名词,离说话人近。
These keys are mine.复数名词,离说话人近。
Can you see that house on the hill?单数,离得远。
Look at those birds in the sky!复数,离得远。
This is my sister, Mia.介绍一个在旁边的人。
Hello, this is Anna. Who’s that?打电话时:this = 我,that = 你。
That’s a great idea!指代刚说过的内容。
I don’t want the blue cup - I want this one.one 代替“cup”,避免重复。

常见错误

  • I like these car. -> I like this car.——单数名词要用 this/that,不能用 these/those。
  • Look at this birds. -> Look at these birds.——复数名词要用 these/those。
  • What is those? -> What are those?——复数的指示代词后面要用复数动词。
  • Is this John?(打电话时问对方是谁)-> Is that John?——电话线另一端的人用 that,不用 this。
  • I want the red one.(指多个的时候)-> I want the red ones.——复数要用 ones。

学习提示

  • 记忆窍门:this 和 these 配 here;that 和 those 配 there。
  • 先数数量,再选词:一样东西 = this/that;不止一样 = these/those。
  • 打电话时,自己永远用 this(This is Anna),对方用 that(Who’s that?)。
  • 用 that’s 来回应一个说法:That’s true. That’s why. That’s a good question.