Ser and estar
A1 Ser y estar 6 / 49
In short
Spanish has two verbs for English “to be”. Use ser for identity and defining traits (who or what something is), and estar for location and changeable states (where something is or how it is right now).
The rule
Both verbs are irregular, so learn their present forms first. Then decide which one by what kind of information you are giving.
Use ser for essence - who/what something is:
- Identity / definition: Soy María. Esto es un problema.
- Origin & nationality: Somos de Colombia. Ella es española.
- Profession: Mi padre es ingeniero.
- Possession: El coche es de Juan.
- Material: La mesa es de madera.
- Category or class (ser de + noun): Los altavoces son de segunda mano. La fruta es de temporada. - what kind of thing it is, not what it is made of.
- Time & date: Son las tres. Hoy es lunes.
- Where/when an event takes place: La reunión es en la oficina.
Use estar for state - where/how something is:
- Location of a thing or person: Estoy en casa. Madrid está en España. The place can also be a relative position or a distance: está cerca del río, está a veinte kilómetros de la costa.
- Physical or emotional condition: Estamos cansados. Ella está contenta.
- Result of a change: La ventana está rota. La tienda está cerrada.
- estar de + noun (a temporary situation): Estamos de viaje. Hoy está de buen humor.
- estar + gerund (happening now): Estoy comiendo. (see Lesson 19)
A handy mnemonic: ser = DOCTOR (Description, Occupation, Characteristic, Time, Origin, Relationship); estar = PLACE (Position, Location, Action in progress, Condition, Emotion).
Adjectives that flip meaning. With some adjectives, ser gives an inherent trait and estar a current state - the English word changes completely:
| Adjective | with ser | with estar |
|---|---|---|
| aburrido | boring | bored |
| listo | clever | ready |
| rico | rich | delicious / tasty |
| bueno | good (kind) | tasty / healthy |
| malo | bad | ill / gone off |
| vivo | sharp, lively | alive |
Forms & patterns
| Person | ser | estar |
|---|---|---|
| yo | soy | estoy |
| tú | eres | estás |
| usted, él/ella | es | está |
| nosotros/-as | somos | estamos |
| vosotros/-as | sois | estáis |
| ustedes, ellos/-as | son | están |
Note the accents on estás, está, estáis, están - but estamos has none.
Examples
| Español | English |
|---|---|
| Soy de México. | I am from Mexico. |
| Mi hermana es médica. | My sister is a doctor. |
| La mesa es de madera. | The table is (made) of wood. |
| Son las tres de la tarde. | It is three in the afternoon. |
| Estoy en la oficina. | I am at the office. |
| Estamos muy cansados hoy. | We are very tired today. |
| El concierto es en el parque. | The concert is in the park. |
| La comida está muy rica. | The food is delicious. |
Common mistakes
- Soy en casa -> Estoy en casa - the location of a person or thing uses
estar. - Estoy profesor -> Soy profesor - a profession is an identity, so it takes
ser. - Soy cansado -> Estoy cansado - tiredness is a passing condition ->
estar. - Estoy español -> Soy español - nationality and origin use
ser. - La fiesta está en mi casa -> La fiesta es en mi casa - where an event happens uses
ser, even though it looks like a location. - ¿Cómo eres? (to ask how someone feels) -> ¿Cómo estás? -
serasks what someone is like;estarasks how they are.
Tips
- Two questions: What is it? (identity, description) ->
ser. Where / how is it right now? ->estar. - Feelings and locations almost always take
estar; the classic exception is the location of an event, which takesser. - Weather and temporary results use
estar: está nublado, está roto. - ser de = material, owner, origin or category; estar de = a temporary situation: es de madera, está de viaje.
- Remember the flip: ser aburrido = boring, estar aburrido = bored. Choose the verb by the meaning you want.
- Only
estás/está/estáis/estáncarry an accent;estamosand all forms ofserdo not.